5 Key Events in Affirmative Action History

Affirmative action, also know as equal opportunity, is a federal agenda designed to counteract historic discrimination faced by ethnic minorities, women and other underrepresented groups. To foster diversity and compensate for the ways such groups have historically been excluded, institutions with affirmative action programs prioritize the inclusion of minority groups in the employment, education and government sectors, among others. Although the policy  aims to right wrongs, it is among the most controversial issues of our time. But affirmative action is not new. Its origins date back to the 1860s, when initiatives to make workplaces, educational institutions and other arenas more inclusive to women, people of color and individuals with disabilities were set into motion.  Ã‚   1. The 14th Amendment Is Passed More so than any other amendment of its time, the 14th Amendment paved the way for affirmative action. Approved by Congress in 1866, the amendment forbade states from creating laws that infringed upon the rights of U.S. citizens or  denied citizens equal protection under the law. Following in the steps of the  13th Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause would prove key in shaping affirmative action policy. 2. Affirmative Action Suffers Major Setback in Supreme Court Sixty-five years before the term â€Å"affirmative action† would come into popular use, the  Supreme Court  made a ruling that could’ve prevented the practice from ever launching. In 1896, the high court decided in landmark case  Plessy v. Ferguson  that the 14th Amendment did not prohibit a separate but equal society. In other words, blacks could be segregated from whites as long as the services they received were equal to those of whites. The Plessy v. Ferguson case stemmed from an incident in 1892 when Louisiana authorities arrested Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black, for refusing to leave a whites-only railcar. When the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal accommodations didn’t violate the constitution, it paved the way for states to establish a series of segregationist policies. Decades later, affirmative action would seek to readdress these policies, also known as Jim Crow. 3. Roosevelt and Truman Fight Employment Discrimination For years, state-sanctioned discrimination would thrive in the United States. But two world wars marked the beginning of the end of such discrimination. In 1941—the year the Japanese attacked  Pearl Harbor—  President Franklin Roosevelt  signed Executive Order 8802. The order prohibited defense companies with federal contracts from using discriminatory practices in hiring and training. It marked the first time federal law promoted equal opportunity, thus paving the way for affirmative action. Two black leaders—A. Philip Randolph, a union activist, and Bayard Rustin, a civil rights activist, played critical roles in influencing Roosevelt to sign the groundbreaking order.  President Harry Truman  would play a crucial role in strengthening the legislation  Roosevelt  enacted. In 1948, Truman signed Executive Order 9981. It prohibited the Armed Forces from using segregationist policies and mandated that the military provide equal opportunities and treatment to all without regard to race or similar factors. Five years later, Truman further strengthened Roosevelt’s efforts when his Committee on Government Contract Compliance directed the Bureau of Employment Security to act affirmatively to end discrimination. 4. Brown v. Board of Education Spells End of Jim Crow When the Supreme Court ruled in 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson that a separate but equal America was constitutional, it dealt a major blow to civil rights advocates. In 1954, such advocates had an entirely different experience when the high court overturned Plessy via  Brown v. Board of Education. In that decision, which involved a Kansas schoolgirl who sought entry into a white public school, the court ruled that discrimination is a key aspect of racial segregation, and  it therefore  violates the 14th Amendment. The decision marked the end of Jim Crow and the beginning of the country’s initiatives to promote diversity in schools, the  workplace  and other sectors. 5. The Term â€Å"Affirmative Action† Enters American Lexicon President John Kennedy  issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961. The order made the first reference to â€Å"affirmative action† and strove to end discrimination with the practice. Three years later the Civil Rights Act of 1964 came about. It functions to eliminate employment discrimination as well as discrimination in public accommodations. The following year,  President Lyndon Johnson  issued Executive Order 11246, which mandated that federal contractors practice affirmative action to develop diversity in the workplace and end race-based discrimination, among other sorts. The Future of Affirmative Action   Today, affirmative action is widely practiced. But as tremendous strides are made in civil rights, the need for affirmative action is constantly called into question. Some states have even banned the practice. What’s to  come of  the practice? Will affirmative action exist 25 years from now? Members of the Supreme Court have said they hope the need for affirmative action is unnecessary by then. The nation remains highly racially stratified, making it doubtful that the practice will no longer be relevant.

To What Extent Did The Collapse Of Apartheid South Africa...

To what extent did the collapse of Apartheid in South Africa (1991) really bring about change for the Bantu population? The collapse of Apartheid in South Africa (1991) brought only a small amount of change for the Bantu population. South still faces racism in society, due to the continual domination by the â€Å"white† population with race interaction limited to the false â€Å"rainbow† television campaigns and promotional Africa strategies. At the close of Apartheid, a number of false statements were used to convince the people of South Africa of this ideology. â€Å"A rainbow nation where reconciliation without justice had virtue.† This illusion of equality is still evident through the â€Å"white† socioeconomic clubs and areas still maintaining apartheid†¦show more content†¦Apartheid was a reaction by these Afrikaners to this rapid change. This insistence on racial apartness became the political and legal doctrine of apartheid. â€Å"It was an accepted Government policy that the Bantu (native) are only temporarily residents in the European (white) areas of th e Republic for as long as they offer their labour there.†- (The Department of Bantu Administration and Administration 1957) This injustice of apartheid towards the Bantu population is evident through the unfair distribution of land. 80% of South Africa’s land was given to the white minority population of the time, despite the fact that they consisted of less than 10% of the population. The government also introduced ‘influx’ control laws to limit the number of permits released to black South Africans allowing them to leave their homelands and work in cities or on white farms. The white government’s forceful policies included little to no spending on significant finances, which constructed services in the Bantu Homelands. â€Å"Schools hospitals and public transport, reliable electricity and running water, public telephones and sewerage systems were rare.† (L. Thompson, op cit, p 201.) This inequality and unfairness towards the Bantu population was evident for many years before apartheid collapsed. In 1989, the National Party of South Africa elected a new leader, F.W. de Klerk. 1989. The communist

What Factors affect Britains climate Free Essays

Weather is different in every country even city. Climate is the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place. Through climate we can judge the type of fruit or vegetables that grow in a certain area. We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors affect Britains climate? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. Where as the American climate is good for growing bananas and Indian and Pakistani climate is perfect for mangoes. Britain is an island country and is surrounded by sea which gives it a varied climate. We never actually know what the weather will be like, one day it might be sunny the next there might be rain. As we have such a variable climate its hard to predict in general we have warm summers and cool winters our summers our cooler than other countries because we are surrounded by sea but our winters are milder. The main influence on Britain’s climate which are important are latitude , altitude ,distance from the sea, ocean currents and the prevailing winds. Latitude: Latitude is the position north or south of the equator measured from 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. If you are on the equator then your latitude would be zero. If you are near the north pole your latitude would be nearly ninety degrees north and if you are more to the south pole your latitude would be almost 90 degrees south. The further away from the equator you are the colder it is. Therefore when we compare the UK with a country such as Egypt, Egypt is always hotter because its more nearer to the equator than UK. As you can see on the diagram Egypt is more nearer to the equator than Britain and is therefore more warmer.(the diagram is not accurate jus a rough estimation of where the two countries may be) as one gets above tropic of cancer or Capricorn, the climate becomes milder, with warm summers and cold winters. This is known as temperate climate and this is what the UK climate is referred as. At points furthest away from the equator, the climate is colder and is called polar. Altitude: Altitude is the height above sea level, the higher we go the colder it gets altitude may be measured in units such as metres or miles but is usually measured in feet. When I say the higher you go the colder it gets a mere example is on top of mountain peeks, the peeks are way high up and it is much much much colder there and therefore the air there freezes into ice or snow. In Britain there are a few mountains but we are surrounded more by the sea and therefore the mountains don’t have a lot of effect in Britain. Other countries such as Nepal that have a lot of mountain ranges are very cold and I personally think its because of the mountains. The temperature falls by about 1 degrees for ever 100 metres above sea level. Distance form the sea: The sea is cooler than land during summer and warmer in winter because it conducts heat slower than land and cools down slower than land in winter. Land heats up faster than sea because its denser and has a bit of metal in it which is a very good conductor heat. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent. Distance from the sea has a great effect on Britain as you can see on the map that Britain is surrounded by water an therefore makes our summer cooler and our winters are much milder. Prevailing wind direction: prevailing wind direction means the direction wind comes from. Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas. Winds that blow to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa (a warm hot area) will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands (cold region) will be cold and dry in winter. Britain’s prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter. Because Britain’s wind comes from the south west this means it brings fairly warm air because it comes from near the equator. It also brings water vapour from the ocean(as it comes over the Atlantic ocean)- and that means more rain! Ocean currents: The North Atlantic Current (North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. Ocean currents can have a great effect on tempratures either reduce it or increase it. The main ocean current that affects UK is the gulf stream. The gulf stream is a warm ocean current in the north atlantic flowing from the gulf of mexico. The gulf of mexico has a higher temprature than uk because its more closer to the equator where as uk is more futher away near the north pole. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This is one reason why Britain often has wet weather. Some local factors affecting climate: There are some local factors which don’t have a major affect but do in a way affect all climate such as the two following;One place may be warm and dry because it is sheletered by hills whereas another place may unmasked to wind and rain. Also electronic things, cars leting of gas and central heating also give out heat. So therefore the city is made to be more warmer than the countryside. Air mass Some part of the world is hot some is cold. The result is that the air moves around- like the air in a cold building when you turn on the heater or even the cooker in the kitchen. The air moves around the world in huge blocks known as air masses. An air mass can be thousands of km across. It can be warm or cold or any temperature but depending on where it came from. If for example an air mass comes from the north pole and moves over to the UK there will be cold and dry weather if an air mass coming from the equator (a warm dry place) there will be warm weather. Often two different air masses will meet and clash over the UK which causes sudden changes in weather. Many different air masses cross Britain. That’s why our weather changes so fast but if an air mass stays very slow or stays in one place the weather stays the same for days. The weather does not change from day to day at the tropics and poles because they have the same type of air mass all year round. Conclusion: In conclusion, although many factors affect Britain some are more imporant than others. Like the direction in which the suns ray hit the earth (equator). How far away a place is from the equator (latitude) the height above sea level (altitude), the distance from the sea, the direction the winds come from and the ocean currents. But all of these are based on one major factor which I didn’t mention the SUN. How the sun affects us is affected by the rotation of the earth, latitude and cloud cover. Cloud cover is affected by the wind, another important factor, and the wind is affected by what it has passed over and altitude. Mountains redirect wind or force it up to form clouds if the wind has passed over a warm sea it will warm and wet, and if it has passed over a cold land mass it will be cold and dry. The sea have a huge impact on the land masses. Minor factors such as how built up a place is can have a big impact but in small areas, and lastly the ocean currents also is realted to which sea it came from then where about the sea is(maybe near the equator). So the sun to me is main factor which affects all climste including Britain’s but Britains climate is more or less linked with the factor; the distance from the sea which is as I mentioned before is realated to the sun in all ways. Where we live in britain (england) the temprature in winter is not much less than 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and in summer not much higher than 32à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in the summer. Also the weather her is damp and there may be lots of sudden changes. Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with February to march being the driest period and October to January the wettest. The Lake District is England’s wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimetres) of precipitation( different forms of water falling from the sky) each year. How to cite What Factors affect Britains climate?, Papers

Annotated Bibliography for Psychology free essay sample

In the following viewpoint, the author forms facts and opinions about the existence and prevalence of attention deficit disorder (ADD) which is characterized by over activity, impulsiveness, and inattentiveness. His tone is educational and also subjective. The article would be helpful to doctors treating ADD patients and concludes that the acceptance of ADD by the educational community is especially troublesome due to stigma. Benner, Gregory J, Jill Allor, and Paul Mooney. â€Å"An Investigation of the Academic Processing Speed of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Served in Public School Settings. Education Treatment of Children. Aug 2008: 307-332. Academic Search Premier. , Booneville, MS. 24 Sept. 2008 lt;http://www2. nemcc. edu/Library/ /online_databases. htmgt;. This article is twenty-six pages long and focuses on children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. The authors use a cross-sectional design to investigate the percentage of K-12 students with EBD. The article is divided into six bold sections, and the style of writing is very formal. We will write a custom essay sample on Annotated Bibliography for Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a good source for education and treatment of children. â€Å" Child Psychology. The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. 2004. Credo Reference.,Booneville, MS. 26 Sept. 2008 lt;http://www2. nemcc. edu/Library//online_databases. htmgt;. This article contains no graphs or pictures. It explains how child psychology deals with the personality and behavior of children, typically from conception to puberty. This reference contains the history and theories of what child psychology entails. It also includes how and why child psychology is important, the different stages of childhood, and the academic quality that is seen in the United States. Annotated Bibliography for Psychology free essay sample In the following viewpoint, the author forms facts and opinions about the existence and prevalence of attention deficit disorder (ADD) which is characterized by over activity, impulsiveness, and inattentiveness. His tone is educational and also subjective. The article would be helpful to doctors treating ADD patients and concludes that the acceptance of ADD by the educational community is especially troublesome due to stigma. Benner, Gregory J, Jill Allor, and Paul Mooney. â€Å"An Investigation of the Academic Processing Speed of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Served in Public School Settings. Education Treatment of Children. Aug 2008: 307-332. Academic Search Premier. Letting go is the final frontier for boomer parents, who have made children a rearing major focus of their adult lives. The article is seven pages long, written in parental style, meaning written for the boomer parents. Loughry, Maranne, and Carola Eyber. Psychosocial Concepts in Humanitarian Work With Children: A Review of the Concepts and Related Literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Annotated Bibliography for Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Washington, DC National Academic Press. 2003. NetLibrary. NEMCC Lib. , Booneville, MS. 26, Sept. 2008 lt;http://www. netlibrary. com/gt;. This book is one hundred and twenty-nine pages long. This book provides abroad overview of some of the major issues in psychological research on the impact of war on children. This book is divided into many sections such as: gender, age, adolescence, trauma and many other topics. The writing style is intended for professionals in psychology but can be understood by average readers. This book is intended for use by psychology majors and others interested in in helping children. â€Å"Psychiatry. † Issues Controversies, 08 Aug. 2008. FACTS. com. Facts on File News Services. NEMCC Lib. , Booneville, MS. 29 Sept. 2008 lt;http://www2. nemcc. edu/library/ The handbook focuses on psychologists. It is six pages long and gives details on the duties of psychology workers. There are six main topics describing what the functions are. The projection data chart explains the different occupations under psychology. It is written for job seekers in the field of psychology work. This article is written in informative style and would be great help for someone wanting to major in psychology. Winerip, Michael. â€Å"Parenting for Hyperactive Children, A Special Place. New York Times on the Web 17 Sept. 2008. 24 Sept. 2008 lt;http://www. nytimes. com/2008/09/21/nyregion/new Jersey/21Rparent. htmlgt;. This newspaper article focuses on parenting for hyperactive children. It explains how a 6-year-old with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can never control himself. He article displays pictures of the 6-year-old doing art and hanging a photograph of himself on the wall. The article is short in detail, but does give great advice o how to help cont rol hyperactive disorders. This newspaper article tone is informative and would preferably be a good source for child psychology workers.